CELL DIVERSITY

Cells are the most basic unit of life and serve as the building blocks to more advanced structures such as tissues. Cells differ from each other in size and shape and have different abilities. For example blood cells and nerve cells have completely different jobs but are both extremely important. There are over 200 different types of cells in the human body and for the most part are viewable only by a microscope. Skin cells are mostly flat whereas white blood cells have the ability to change shape which enables them to attack bacteria. Cells contain structures called organelles that help maintain the life of the cell. As cells come together, they are able to form tissues according to the type of cell.

Growth and Development of Bones

Ossification is the formation of bone which is produced from osteoblasts and osteoclasts combined with minerals and salts. Calcium compounds must be present for ossification to take place. Osteoblasts take blood from minerals from the blood and deposit them in the bone. By the time we are born, many of the bones have been at least partly ossified. In addition to the metabolically active cellular portion of bone tissue, bone is also made up of a matrix of different materials, including primarily collagen fibers and crystalline salts. The crystalline salts in the matrix of bone are composed mostly of calcium and phosphate, which are combined to form hydroxyapatite crystals. As you can see, the chemical formula for hydroxyapatite crystals includes molecules of calcium, phosphate, and hydroxide.The collagen fibers and the calcium salts that help to strengthen bone. The collagen fibers of bone have great tensile strength, while the calcium salts, which are similar in physical properties to marble, have great compressional strength . These combined properties, plus the degree of bondage between the collagen fibers and the crystals, provide a bony structure that has both extreme tensile and compressional strength

Broken Bones

There are three treatments for bone fractures. Doctors either use pins, a metal plate, or screws to repair fractures. When a bone is broken the first step to repair is to diagnose the type of fracture. Bones that fracture in alignment to one another go back to its previous shape once it heals more easily. Usually bones are placed so the alignment of the bones can be retained and so that they grow back together firmly by becoming fixed to the skin and into the bone and then becoming attached to an external frame; pins, screws, and metal plates. Once the fracture has been healed the external attachments are taken apart.

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Tissues are groups of cells similar in structure and function. There are four primary tissue, epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle tissue. Epithelial tissue, is the lining, covering, and glandular tissues of the body. The major connective tissue types include bone, cartilage, dense connective, loose connective tissue, and blood. Muscle tissues like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are specialized to contract, or shorten, to produce movement. Neurons in nervous tissue function with supporting cells that insulate, support, and protect the delicate neurons, make up the structures of the nervous system-the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Skin Disease

Acne vulgaris also known as cystic acne is a human disease, characterized by areas of skin with seborrhea, comedones, papules , pustules, Nodules and possible scarring. Acne generally rises in skin with the densest population of sebaceous follicles. Affected areas include the face, the upper part of the chest, and the back. Severe acne is inflammatory, but acne can also manifest in noninflammatory forms. The lesions are caused by changes in pilosebaceous units, skin structures consisting of a hair follicleand its associated sebaceous gland, changes that require androgen stimulation.

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